Sources of gender productivity differentials in africa. Land distribution and international agricultural productivity. This paper considers the impact of low intermediate input. Crosscountry comparison of total factor productivity. Agricultural productivity and crosscountry income differences.
Estonia, the netherlands and the united kingdom england and wales. Jul 14, 2016 the report documents consolidation of agricultural production in largescale farms in most countries and subsectors covered by the report. Agricultural tfp indices have been estimated for most countries but due to differences in methodologies and data quality it is difficult to make cross. Cross country comparison this report compares the dynamics of productivity growth in the last decade in the dairy farm sector of three eu member states. The process of advance in biological technology is also illustrated in. The model reveals the relative importance of capital, a finding quite robust to modifications of the model and the disaggregation of capital to its two components. International comparisons department of agriculture. Comparisons of productivity measures across farms of different sizes can be based on standardized definitions and methods. Agricultural productivity is crucial for understanding aggregate cross country income differences. Monitoring agricultural productivity for sustainable. Cross country evidence from micro plotlevel data, working papers tecipa692, university of toronto, department of economics.
Monitoring and improving sustainable agricultural productivity is explicitly linked to achieve sdg2. Some striking features are the scale of government. The agricultural productivity gap in developing countries. Developing countries and total factor productivity growth. Many empirical analyses have also attempted to use time series or cross country studies to demonstrate a causal link from agricultural productivity levels or growth rates to the broader economy. Because developing countries have most of their workers in agriculture, their low productivity in agriculture accounts for nearly all of their low productivity in the aggregate. Then, we compare the evolution of total factor productivity in areas in the proximity of mines to areas farther away. The focus of this study was to compare agricultural productivity growth or total. The region with the low productivity can import food from the region with the high productivity thereby circumventing its ineciency in farming. Examining crosscountry agricultural productivity differences. In particular, there is a large literature that investigates labor reallocations across agriculture and industries lewis, 1954.
An alternative to looking at cross country differences in farm size is to look within countries, where land quality and farming systems may vary less than they do across countries. Obtaining the data needed for cross country comparisons remains the most problematic issue, with some economists warning of. Agricultural production economics second edition is a revised edition of the textbook agricultural production economics publi shed by macmillan in 1986 isbn 0023280603. Mar 01, 2018 understanding these relationships and providing cross country comparisons can allow for specific policies to increase productivity and generate growth. In general, these studies use the superlative index method in cross country estimation and comparison of agricultural productivity. Pdf resource quality and agricultural productivity. Finally, enterprise surveys makes efforts to track and survey firms over time, yielding a large and useful panel data set in many regions of the world. T 5 international comparisons of productivity in agriculture a 0 4 0 0 0 z 4 u z 4i u s0 fig.
In the data, the corresponding sector productivity gaps are a factor of 45 in agriculture. Agricultural productivity is measured as the ratio of agricultural outputs to inputs. Departing from these cross country comparisons, a growing literature is exploiting within country variation to study other complementary channels which may be more relevant at local level. Government policies in agricultural sector also affect the productivity in the sector. These data provide a measure of gross output per worker in agriculture, where. Agricultural productivity, however, affects the timing and pace of countries growth experiences. While productivity in agriculture is generally low and thereby hindering poverty reduction, it is even lower among female peasants. For australia, the pilot is an opportunity to consider how past agricultural and. There is a plethora of literature that provides econometric evidence from country and cross country studies that supports the theory that agricultural growth has a greater effect on reducing poverty than. Given the nature of household surveys used in this study, we are able to perform a cross country evaluation of the extent of gender differences and identify which country is lagging behind others and thereby in urgent need of structural reforms.
First, they can be a ected by economic decisions and hence are not exogenous. Sdg 6 ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. Productivity and efficiency measurement in agriculture. Journal of monetary economics 55 2008 234250 agriculture and aggregate productivity. In terms of method comparison, agricultural tfp estimates obtained from using the superlative index outperforms those obtained from using the quantityonly based index. A comparative analysis of agricultural productivity trends. The role of resource misallocation in cross country differences in manufacturing productivity volume 21 issue 3. In our model, cross country income differences due to agricultural productivity are transitional only. The agricultural productivity gap national bureau of economic.
International comparisons of productivity in agriculture. Pdf agricultural credits and agricultural productivity. However, the empirical evidence from this study also suggests that new ict could be a factor for the divergence between countries in terms of overall agricultural productivity. Numerous country case studies and cross country evaluations support the view that agricultural research and productivity contribute more greatly to overall economic growth than industrial productivity and improve the conditions of the poor in developing countries. Nevertheless, farm size growth rates show substantial differences across countries and periods which underlines the importance of country specific natural, social, and economic conditions and the regulatory. These large agricultural productivity gaps have several important implications for developing countries. The central role of agricultural productivity in the economic and social agenda of developing countries was reinforced by the malabo declaration of june 2014, 2 which puts agricultural productivity growth at the centre of the objective of africa to achieve agriculture led growth and fulfil its targets on food and nutrition security. Salami1 abstract this economic brief provides recent evidence on the extent of gender inequality in agricultural productivity and decomposes its main sources. In this paper, we draw on new micro evidence to ask to what extent the gap is still present. Comparing agricultural total factor productivity between. Sector productivity differences are the ratios of sector output per worker in the 90th and 10th percentile countries.
The rich spatial data provide for each cell of land covering the entire globe, the potential yield for 18 crops, which measures the maximum attainable crop output given soil quality, climate. While individual products are usually measured by weight, which is known as crop yield, varying products make measuring overall agricultural output difficult. Gender productivity differentials among smallholder farmers. The number of papers investigating cross country differences in agricultural productivity growth has expanded significantly in recent years and the malmquist index. We begin by presenting the most recent available data on cross country productivity di. Revision of the agriculture production data domain in faostat 7 december 2016 the fao statistics division is undertaking a methodological overhaul of its main statistical domains to improve the quality of the data disseminated through faostat. Kravis, a survey of international comparisons of productivity, economic journal 86 march 1976. In a panel of 100 countries we document differences in technology estimates associated with major crops, and then illustrate the quantitative implications for development. Oecd ilibrary dynamics of dairy farm productivity growth. Selection, agriculture, and crosscountry productivity differences.
One may worry that agricultural output data may be badly. Likewise, ogunyika and langemeier 2004 also analyzed the cross country differences in agricultural productivity. Specialization, agriculture, and crosscountry productivity differences. Apr 21, 2006 the evidence suggests that the adoption of modern industrial inputs in agricultural production relies on the information and communication infrastructure.
Specialization, agriculture, and crosscountry productivity. Although the format and coverage remains similar to the first edition, many small revisions and updates have been made. Developing countries and total factor productivity growth in. Inotherwords, cross country incomeinequality would beeliminatedif agriculture productivity were equalizedto the u. Oecd 2001, international comparisons remain challenging. Specialization, agriculture, and cross country productivity differences david lagakos arizona state university. Apr 26, 2016 cross country differences in agricultural labor productivity, agricultural labor share, and per capita income. This soer 2015 cross country comparison focuses on organic farming. This report compares the dynamics of productivity growth in the last decade in the dairy farm sector of three eu member states. This report presents a comprehensive overview of recent and longerterm trends in productivity levels and growth in oecd countries, accession countries, key partners and some g20 countries. Oecd ilibrary crosscountry comparison of farm size. For a survey of international productivity comparisons see irving b.
Oecd compendium of productivity indicators 2019 en oecd. See, for example, caselli and michaels 2009 brollo. Revision of the agriculture production data domain in faostat. In many poor countries the gaps are even higher, with a number of countries having gaps above ten.
A crosscountry analysis of total factor productivity using. Adopted from hayami and ruttan, agricultural development, p. Selection, agriculture and cross country productivity differences. A crosscountry comparison of rural income generating. The evolution of the dairy farm sector in these countries is characterised by a decline in the number of dairy farms and an increase in the average herd size per farm.
The focus of their study was to compare the agricultural productivity growth among 125 different developing and developed countries of the world, for the period of 19612001. An introductory chapter features an analysis of latest developments in productivity, employment and wages. Agriculture organic farming european environment agency. The central role of agricultural productivity in the economic and social agenda of developing countries was reinforced by the malabo declaration of june 2014,2 which puts agricultural productivity growth at the centre of the objective of africa to achieve agriculture led growth and fulfil its targets on food and nutrition security. The empirical analysis relies on microlevel survey datasets recently. Gender productivity differentials among smallholder. It is also a gauge of rural welfare or living standards, as it reflects the ability to acquire income through the sale of agricultural goods or produce block, 1995. A large share of crosscountry differences in productivity is explained by differences in.
A multi country comparison keith wiebe1, meredith soule1, clare narrod2, and vince breneman1 1 economic research service, usda, washington dc 2 office of the chief economist, usda, washington dc selected paper for presentation at the annual meetings of the american agricultural economics association. Cross country labor productivity differences are larger in agriculture and smaller in non agriculture than in the aggregate. We quantify the role of geography and land quality for agricultural productivity differences across countries using highresolution microgeography data and a spatial accounting framework. Using such data for international comparisons of agricultural productivity can lead to serious distortions, such as signifi cantly biasing downward the econometric estimates of the production. The role of crop type in crosscountry income differences. Crosscountry consistent estimation of agricultural productivity. Using such data for international comparisons of agricultural productivity can lead to serious distortions, such as signifi cantly biasing downward the. We use household survey data available for years 199899 and 2005 and we also collected detailed information on the geographical location of gold mines and households. In this analysis of capitals role in agricultural production, a new construction of data on capital allowed the authors to advance the cross country study of production functions. In much of ssa, the agricultural sector continues to account for a. Recent studies argue that crosscountry labor productivity differences are much larger in agriculture than in the aggregate.
A large share of cross country differences in productivity is explained by differences in. Transportation costs, agricultural productivity and cross. Our finding points to the importance of price data collection work for cross country consistent agricultural productivity comparison. A cross country analysis shows that estimated yield gaps based on femalemale comparisons across households range widely, but are around 2030 percent in many countries world bank, 2012. Modern industries, pollution and agricultural productivity. Alternatively, coelli and rao 2005 use the distance function approach to derive a quantityonly. No good quality information about the relationship between agricultural productivity and devolution since 20 was found. Agricultural productivity is crucial for understanding aggregate crosscountry income differences. Then, we compare the evolution of total factor productivity in areas in. Selection, agriculture and crosscountry productivity differences. Mar 01, 2008 the evidence suggests that the large difference in aggregate productivity between the two groups implied by the model stems from very different cross country economic structures. Traditional measures of land quality in cross country comparisons, such as the percentage of agricultural land classified as arable or. Agricultural productivity gap due to crop selection by country. However, these gaps are not uniformly distributed across the productivity distribution, decreasing as we move towards the top of the distribution in nigeria and tanzania while increasing in uganda.
Recent studies argue that cross country labor productivity differences are much larger in agriculture than in the aggregate. Cross country labor productivity differences are much larger in agriculture than in the non agricultural sector caselli, 2005. Organic farming aims to be a more environmentally sustainable form of agricultural production, combining best environmental practices, and emphasising biodiversity protection and the preservation of natural resources. International agricultural output and input data such as that maintained by the fao have been incomplete and domestic data have contained too many inconsistencies in data and methodology to allow for productivity comparisons. Chapter 73 agricultural productivity and economic growth.
The importance of agricultural total factor productivity growth for developing countries has long been emphasized due to its determinant role in economic growth of lowincome regions. Taken at face value, this agricultural productivity gap suggests that labor is greatly misallocated across sectors. Crop selection and international differences in aggregate. Seminal ex amples of this line of research are restuccia and rogerson 2008. Agricultural productivity differences across countries.
Pdf we present cross country evidence suggesting that agricultural. Traditional measures of land quality in cross country comparisons, such as the percentage of agricultural land classi ed as arable or cropland, or the percentage of arable land or cropland that is irrigated face two main problems. Pdf we present crosscountry evidence suggesting that agricultural. Crosscountry consistent estimation of agricultural. Gender differentials and agricultural productivity in niger. Agricultural productivity differences across countries jstor.
286 735 228 1508 113 690 1444 1313 1111 1120 767 1533 632 1574 70 1368 311 31 651 215 1024 294 359 1359 617 1113 251 1299 414 1012 736 424